AES Reference Articles

AES References

This page is the resource page for AES Presentation 2025

AES Posters

Get Hip on CR: Altering Orientation of the Temporal Fossa Takes Place at the Pelvis and is a Major Determinant of Condylar Position

Authors: Alice Lam, DDS | Mike Cantrell, MPT, AIA Fellow | James Anderson, MPT, AIA Fellow | Nicholas Tran BS

Rethinking the Definition of Centric Relation

Authors: Alice Lam, DDS | Mike Cantrell, MPT, AIA Fellow | James Anderson, MPT, AIA Fellow | Nicholas Tran BS

Oral Intervention and the Scoliotic Spine: Could the Dentist Hold a Key to Unlocking Scoliosis?

Authors: Alice Lam, DDS | Mike Cantrell, MPT, AIA Fellow | James Anderson, MPT, AIA Fellow | Nicholas Tran BS

Achieving Body Centric Bite Relation Through Foot and Occlusal Grounding Biases

Authors: Tom Tardif, DPT, AIA Fellow, CSCS | Shandra Rosenfeldt, DDS, FAGD, D. AADSM | Jesse Hagen, DDS

Other Articles of Importance

The Dentist May Hold the Key to Unlocking Scoliosis

Authors: Mike Cantrell, MPT, AIA Fellow

The Dental Distress Syndrome Quantified

Authors: A.C. Fonder

Cranial Bone Motion

Adams T, Heisey RS, Smith MC, Briner BJ. Parietal bone mobility in the anesthetized cat. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1992 May;92(5):599-600, 603-10
Christine DC. Temporal bone misalignment and motion asymmetry as a cause of vertigo: the craniosacral model. Altern Ther Health Med. 2009 Nov-Dec;15(6):38-42. PMID: 19943575.
Cohen MM Jr. Sutural biology and the correlates of craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet. 1993 Oct 1;47(5):581-616. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320470507. PMID: 8266985.
Crow WT, King HH, Patterson RM, Giuliano V. Assessment of calvarial structure motion by MRI. Osteopath Med Prim Care. 2009 Sep 4;3:8. doi: 10.1186/1750-4732-3-8. PMID: 19732453; PMCID: PMC2743699.
Delz E. The ALF (advanced lightwire functional appliance) creating facial beauty and balance.International Journal of Orthodontics Summer 2009; Vol 20(2):23-28. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Giy-AxZkd-OTon9RB-E2S-kP1Qpo3QwYnb_aqmnit64/edit
Frymann VM. A study of the rhythmic motions of the living cranium. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1971;70:1-18.
Hargens AR. Noninvasive intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement. 1999 Space Physiology Laboratory. http://spacephysiology.arc.nasa.gov/projects/icp.html
Heisey SR, Adams T. Role of cranial bone mobility in cranial compliance. Neurosurgery. 1993;33(5):869-876.(
James, G.A., Strokon, D. “An Introduction To Cranial Movement and Orthodontics.” Int. J. Orthodontics 16:1:23-29:2005.
James G, Strokon D. Cranial strains and malocclusion. International Journal of Orthodontics 2006. Vol 17 (1-3). https://tmjvt.com/pdfs/ALFarticle1.pdf
James, G.A., Strokon, D. “Cranial Strains and Malocclusion: A Rationale for a New Diagnostic and Treatment Approach.” Int. J.Orthodontics 16:2:25-29:2005. https://www.tmjvt.com/pdfs/ALFarticle2.pdf
James, G.A., Strokon, D. “Cranial Strains and Malocclusion II Hyperflexion and Superior Vertical Strain.” Int. J. Orthodontics16:3:15-19:2005 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7500301_Cranial_strains_and_malocclusion_II_Hyperextension_and_superior_vertical_strain
James, G.A., Strokon, D. “Cranial Strains and Malocclusion:Torsion IV.” Int. J Orthodontics 17:1:19-24:2006.https://orthodonticed.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Cranial-Strains-and-Malocclusion-IV.-Torsion.pdf
James, G.A., Strokon, D. “Cranial Strains and Malocclusion: V Side Bend-Part 1.” Int. J. Orthodontics 17:2:19-23 2006 https://orthodonticed.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Cranial-Strains-and-Malocclusion-V.-Side-Bend-Part-I.pdf
James, G.A., Strokon, D. “Cranial Strains and Malocclusion: VI Side Bend-Part 2” Int. J. Orthodontics 17:3:35-39 2006 https://orthodonticed.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Cranial-Strains-and-Malocclusion-VI-Side-Bend-Part-2-Treatment.pdf
James, G.A., Strokon, D. “Cranial Strains and Malocclusion VII: A Review.” Int. J. Orthodontics 17:4:23-28:2006 http://www.claudiolopezosteopata.it/documenti/C.Lopez%20Osteopata%20%20Osteopatia%20e%20Ortodonzia%20%20Bibliografia%20[28].pdf
Jaslow CR. Mechanical properties of cranial sutures. J Biomechanics. 1990;23(4):313-32.
Li, B.; Wang, Y.; Fan, Y.; Ouchi, T.; Zhao, Z.; Li, L. Cranial Suture Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Insights and Advances. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11081129
Magoun HI. Does the gross mechanical picture stop at the occipito-atlantal articulation? Academy of Applied Osteopathy Yearbook 1949, 145-6.
Michael DK, Retzlaff EW. A preliminary study of cranial bone movement in the squirrel monkey. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1975;74:866-869. (reversible displacement of the parietal bones occurs with cranial compression and by spinal flexion and extension)
Moskalenko YE, Kravchenko TI, Gaidar BV, et al. Periodic mobility of cranial bones in humans. Human Physiology. 1999;25(1):51-58.
Moskalenko YE, Frymann VM, Weinstein GB, et al. Slow rhythmic oscillations within the human cranium: phenomenology, origin, and informational significance. Human Physiology. 2001;27(2):171-178.
Moskalenko YE, Frymann VM, Kravchenko T. A modern conceptualization of the functioning of the primary respiratory mechanism. In King HH. (Ed) Proceedings of international research conference:Osteopathy in Pediatrics at the Osteopathic Center for Children in San Diego, CA 2002. American Academy of Osteopathy, Indianapolis, IN, 2005;12-31.
Nelson KE, Sergueff N, Glonek T. Recording the rate of the cranial rhythmic impulse. J AM Osteopath Assoc. 2006;106(6):337-341.
Oleski SL, Smith GH, Crow WT. Radiographic evidence of cranial bone mobility. J Craniomandib Pract. 2002;20(1):34-38.
Pritchard JJ, Scott JH, Girgis FG.The structure and development of cranial and facial sutures. J Anat. 1956;90:73-86.
Retzlaff EW, Jones L, Mitchell FL Jr, et al. Possible autonomic innervation of cranial sutures of primates and other animals. Brain Res 1973;58:470-477.
Soliman L, Ahn S, Hunt V, Sobti N, Woo AS. Gaining Closure: Do Cranial Sutures Fuse at Reported Age Ranges? Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2023 May 22;11(5):e5013. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000005013. PMID: 37360234; PMCID: PMC10287138.
Stigler RG, Becker K, Hasanov E, Hörmann R, Gassner R, Lepperdinger G. Osteocyte numbers decrease only in postcranial but not in cranial bones in humans of advanced age. Ann Anat. 2019;226:57–63.
Sutherland WG. The cranial bowl, 1st edition, reprinted 1994. Free Press Company, Mankato.
Timoshkin EM, Sandhouse M. Retrospective study of cranial strain pattern prevalence in a healthy population. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2008 Nov;108(11):652-6. Erratum in: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2008.
Ueno T, Ballard RE, Macias BR, Yost WT, Hargens AR. Cranial diameter pulsations measured by non-invasive ultrasound decrease with tilt. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2003 Aug;74(8):882-5. PMID: 12924766.